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Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review
Abstract In recent years, cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has been legalized by many countries for production, processing, and use considering its tremendous medical and industrial applications. Cannabis contains more than a hundred biomolecules (cannabinoids) [...]
In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis
Abstract A limited number of studies have examined how drying conditions affect the cannabinoid and terpene content in cannabis inflorescences. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of controlled atmosphere drying chambers for [...]
Bioaerosol Exposures and Respiratory Diseases in Cannabis Workers
Abstract Purpose of Review This review investigates occupational inhalation hazards associated with biologically derived airborne particles (bioaerosols) generated in indoor cannabis cultivation and manufacturing facilities. Recent Findings Indoor cannabis production is growing across the [...]
High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model
Abstract Cannabis sativa L. has a long history of medicinal use, particularly for gastrointestinal diseases. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) report using cannabis to manage their symptoms, despite little data to support the [...]
Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L.
Abstract The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of [...]
Ethephon application stimulats cannabinoids and plastidic terpenoids production in Cannabis sativa at flowering stage
Abstract We studied the effect of ethephon on levels of the major cannabinoids (tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) and chlorophyll, carotenoids and α-tocopherol in Cannabis sativa at productive stage. Results revealed that ethephon increased THC content [...]
Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy
Abstract Cannabis is a complex biosynthetic plant, with a long history of medicinal use. While cannabinoids have received the majority of the attention for their psychoactive and pharmacological activities, cannabis produces a diverse array [...]
The Neurotherapeutic Arsenal in Cannabis sativa: Insights into Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Activity and Potential Entourage Effects
Abstract Cannabis, renowned for its historical medicinal use, harbours various bioactive compounds—cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. While major cannabinoids like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have received extensive scrutiny for their pharmacological properties, emerging evidence underscores [...]
A Novel Method for Stimulating Cannabis sativa L. Male Flowers from Female Plants
Abstract Female hemp plants are desired in floral hemp operations due to their higher cannabinoid contents. To produce feminized seeds, a critical step of inducing fertile male flowers on female plants is performed. In feminized [...]
Characterization of trichome phenotypes to assess maturation and flower development in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) by automatic trichome gland analysis
Abstract Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is cultivated by licensed producers in Canada for medicinal and recreational uses. The recent legalization of this plant in 2018 has resulted in rapid expansion of the industry, with [...]
The Impact of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: An Update
Abstract The emergence of inflammatory diseases is a heavy burden on modern societies. Cannabis has been used for several millennia to treat inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism or gout. Since the characterization of cannabinoid [...]
The endocannabinoid system in appetite regulation and treatment of obesity
Abstract The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex cell-signaling system that is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by modulating various regulatory reactions in response to internal and environmental changes. The influence of ECS on appetite regulation [...]
Update on cannabis in human sexuality
Abstract Rationale Sexuality is a central aspect of being human that encompasses many facets. Cannabis, a widely used psychoactive substance, has been associated with various effects on sexuality. The relationship between cannabis and sexuality [...]
Effect of organic biostimulants on cannabis productivity and soil microbial activity under outdoor conditions
Abstract In 2019 and 2020, we investigated the individual and combined effects of two biofertilizers (manure tea and bioinoculant) and one humic acid (HA) product on cannabis biochemical and physiological parameters and soil CO2 [...]
Glandular trichome development, morphology, and maturation are influenced by plant age and genotype in high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences
Background Glandular capitate trichomes which form on bract tissues of female inflorescences of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa L. plants are important sources of terpenes and cannabinoids. The influence of plant age and cannabis genotype [...]
Minor, Nonterpenoid Volatile Compounds Drive the Aroma Differences of Exotic Cannabis
Abstract Cannabis sativa L. produces a wide variety of volatile secondary metabolites that contribute to its unique aroma. The major volatile constituents include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their oxygenated derivates. In particular, the compounds ß-myrcene, [...]
Chemical Composition of Commercial Cannabis
Abstract Cannabis is widely used for medicinal and recreational purposes. As a result, there is increased interest in its chemical components and their physiological effects. However, current information on cannabis chemistry is often outdated [...]
High light intensity improves yield of specialized metabolites in medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), resulting from both higher inflorescence mass and concentrations of metabolites
Abstract Medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) contains various plant specialized metabolites, such as cannabinoids and terpenoids. These metabolites are mainly accumulated in inflorescences and are the primary focus of cultivation. Medicinal cannabis is often [...]
Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects
Abstract Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been [...]
Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology
Abstract Although Cannabis sativa synthesizes a wide range of phytochemicals, much attention has been primarily given to two phytocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), due to their distinctive activities in humans. These bioactivities can [...]
Cannabis contaminants: sources, distribution, human toxicity and pharmacologic effects
Abstract There has been a resurgence in interest and use of the cannabis plant for medical purposes. However, an in-depth understanding of plant contaminants and toxin effects on stability of plant compounds and human [...]
A three-years survey of microbial contaminants in industrial hemp inflorescences from two Italian cultivation sites
Background The use of industrial Cannabis sativa L. for recreational, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal purposes has gained momentum due to its rich content of valuable phytochemicals, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). However, [...]
A Comprehensive Exploration of the Multifaceted Neuroprotective Role of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer’s Disease across a Decade of Research
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, manifests through dysregulation of brain function and subsequent loss of bodily control, attributed to β-amyloid plaque deposition and TAU protein hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, leading to neuronal [...]
Unleashing the therapeutic role of cannabidiol in dentistry
Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) found in Cannabis sativa is a non-psychoactive compound which is capable of binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors. CBD has recently gained interest in dentistry although it has not been explored sufficiently [...]
Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Biological Control Agents Used to Manage Insect Pests in Indoor Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) Cultivation
Current biological control strategies in cannabis (Cannabis sativa) cultivation have resulted in poor efficacy for managing certain insect pests. The cannabis industry has grown at a rapid pace, surpassing our ability to develop knowledge [...]
Diseases of Cannabis sativa Caused by Diverse Fusarium Species
The potential of species of Fusarium to cause significant economic losses in Cannabis sativa due to plant diseases and mycotoxin residues is the subject of this review. Sixteen species of Fusarium, reported as associated with cannabis production, are classified [...]
Total yeast and mold levels in high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences are influenced by genotype, environment, and pre-and post-harvest handling practices
Total yeast and mold (TYM) levels in inflorescences of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa (cannabis) are regulated to ensure that medicinal and recreational users, especially those with immunocompromised systems, are not exposed to potentially harmful levels. [...]
Pathogens and Molds Affecting Production and Quality of Cannabis sativa L.
Plant pathogens infecting marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plants reduce growth of the crop by affecting the roots, crown, and foliage. In addition, fungi (molds) that colonize the inflorescences (buds) during development or after harvest, [...]
Longer Photoperiod Substantially Increases Indoor-Grown Cannabis’ Yield and Quality
Abstract Indoor-grown Cannabis sativa is commonly transitioned to a 12 h daily photoperiod to promote flowering. However, our previous research has shown that some indoor-grown cannabis cultivars can initiate strong flowering responses under daily [...]
Fungal and mycotoxin contaminants in cannabis and hemp flowers: implications for consumer health and directions for further research
Medicinal and recreational uses of Cannabis sativa, commonly known as cannabis or hemp, has increased following its legalization in certain regions of the world. Cannabis and hemp plants interact with a community of microbes [...]
Indoor grown cannabis yield increased proportionally with light intensity, but ultraviolet radiation did not affect yield or cannabinoid content
Abstract Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flourishes under high light intensities (LI); making it an expensive commodity to grow in controlled environments, despite its high market value. It is commonly believed that cannabis secondary metabolite levels may [...]
The role of red and white light in optimizing growth and accumulation of plant specialized metabolites at two light intensities in medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.)
The cultivation of medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is expanding in controlled environments, driven by evolving governmental regulations for healthcare supply. Increasing inflorescence weight and plant specialized metabolite (PSM) concentrations is critical, alongside maintaining [...]
Grafting of Cannabis – The effect of the rootstock on vegetative and reproductive indices of the scion
AbstractAmong the commercial cannabis varieties, some are high yielders but characterized by a relatively poor root system. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil, enabling vegetative development that directly affects yield, as vigorous plants [...]
Bidirectional Effect of Long-Term THC Treatment on mTOR Activity and Metabolome
Abstract Brain aging is associated with cognitive decline, reduced synaptic plasticity, and altered metabolism. The activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a major impact on aging by regulating cellular metabolism. Although reduced [...]
Cannabis use in endometriosis: the patients have their say – an online survey for German speaking countries
Purpose Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause various pain symptoms. Current therapy options do not always provide sufficient pain relief and often cause unpleasant side effects. Recent studies have shown that [...]
Circulating endocannabinoid levels in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential role in the inflammatory response
Abstract Plasma levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) are very dynamic and variable in different circumstances and pathologies. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of the main eCBs and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in [...]
Dose-dependent effects of oral cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serum anandamide and related N-acylethanolamines in healthy volunteers
BackgroundThe mental health benefits of cannabidiol (CBD) are promising but can be inconsistent, in part due to challenges in defining an individual's effective dosage. In schizophrenia, alterations in anandamide (AEA) concentrations, an endocannabinoid (eCB) agonist [...]
Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood
Abstract Cannabigerol (CBG) is a phytocannabinoid increasing in popularity, with preclinical research indicating it has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. However, there are no published clinical trials to corroborate these findings in humans. The primary [...]
Systematic combinations of major cannabinoid and terpene contents in Cannabis flower and patient outcomes
Background Little is known about the frequency with which different combinations of phytochemicals (chemovars) arise in Cannabis flower or whether common chemovars are associated with distinct pharmacodynamics and patient health outcomes. This study created [...]
International property rights for Cannabis landraces and terroir products. The case of Moroccan Cannabis and hashish
Background In recent years, the cannabis industry has evolved from a world defined by the simplicity and ubiquity of illegality of recreational drug cannabis to a world marked by the legal and geographic complexity [...]
Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Stroke: Increased Risk or Potential for Protection—A Narrative Review
Abstract Worldwide, approximately 15 million people per year suffer from stroke. With about 5 million deaths, stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of long-term disability. It is estimated [...]
Terpenes from Cannabis sativa induce antinociception in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain via activation of adenosine A2A receptors
Abstract Terpenes are small hydrocarbon compounds that impart aroma and taste to many plants, including Cannabis sativa. A number of studies have shown that terpenes can produce pain relief in various pain states in [...]
A preliminary study evaluating self-reported effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on neuropathic pain and pain medication use in people with spinal cord injury
Abstract Approximately 60% of individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) experience neuropathic pain, which often persists despite the use of various pharmacological treatments. Increasingly, the potential analgesic effects of cannabis and cannabinoid products [...]
Cannabis Sativa Oil Promotes Social Interaction and Ultrasonic Communication by Acting on Oxytocin Pathway
Objective: Cannabis sativa is the most used recreational drug worldwide. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis to treat a variety of psychiatric and [...]
Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use
Abstract Phytocannabinoids, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds extracted from the Cannabis plant, have attracted interest due to their potential pharmacological effects and medicinal uses. This comprehensive review presents the intricate pharmacological profiles [...]
A Comprehensive Review on Cannabis sativa Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Molecular Docking and Biological Activities
For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition [...]
Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis
Background Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is believed to drive most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that non-THC constituents can impact acute cannabis effects, [...]
Characterizing Cannabis Use and Perceived Benefit in a Tertiary Headache Center Patient Sample
Background and objectives: Research suggests a potential role for cannabinoids in the etiology and treatment of migraine. However, there is a paucity of research on usage patterns and perceived benefits of cannabis use in clinical [...]
Association Between Cannabis Use and Subjective Cognitive Decline: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Background: Cannabis consumption has rapidly increased in the United States due to more states legalizing non-medical and medical use. There is limited research, however, investigating whether cannabis may be associated with cognitive function, particularly [...]
Empathy-related differences in the anterior cingulate functional connectivity of regular cannabis users when compared to controls
It has been reported that cannabis consumption affects the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a structure with a central role in mediating the empathic response. In this study, we compared psychometric scores of empathy subscales, [...]
The holistic effects of medical cannabis compared to opioids on pain experience in Finnish patients with chronic pain
Background Medical cannabis (MC) is increasingly used for chronic pain, but it is unclear how it aids in pain management. Previous literature suggests that MC could holistically alter the pain experience instead of only [...]
Do tobacco and cannabis use and co-use predict lung function: A longitudinal study
Background: Use of tobacco and cannabis is common and has been reported to predict lung function. Less is known about co-use of tobacco and cannabis and their impact on changes in lung function to [...]
CBD and CBG as Analgesics that Effectively Manage Bone Fracture Pain and Promote Healing in Mice
Bone fractures are among the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries, and pain management is an essential part of fracture treatment. Fractures heal through an early inflammatory phase, followed by repair and remodeling. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [...]
Cell death induction and intracellular vesicle formation in human colorectal cancer cells treated with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Background: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is a principal psychoactive extract of Cannabis sativa and has been traditionally used as palliative medicine for neuropathic pain. Cannabidiol (CBD), an extract of hemp species, has recently attracted increased attention as [...]
Medical Cannabis Alleviates Chronic Neuropathic Pain Effectively and Sustainably without Severe Adverse Effect
Introduction: Medical cannabis may provide a treatment option for chronic neuropathic pain. However, empirical disease-specific data are scarce. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study including 99 patients with chronic neuropathic pain. These patients [...]
Green Jungle is a partner of an indoor medical farm in Poland
On September 21, 2023, the following publication by Cannabisland appeared on social media and industry portals: Every story has a beginning. The beginning of our common history begins today. In Konopnica (Lubelskie Voivodeship) Instytut [...]
Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Cannabis sativa L. resins
Ethnopharmacological relevance Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is a plant native to Eastern Asia spread throughout the world because of its medicinal properties. Despite being used for thousands of years as a palliative therapeutic [...]
Clinical outcome data of anxiety patients treated with cannabis-based medicinal products in the United Kingdom
Rationale Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) have been identified as novel therapeutics for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) based on pre-clinical models; however, there is a paucity of high-quality evidence on their effectiveness and safety. [...]
Cannabis containing equivalent concentrations of THC and CBD induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis
Rationale Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active component of cannabis, can cause anxiety in some users during intoxication. Cannabidiol (CBD), another constituent of cannabis, has anxiolytic properties suggesting that cannabis products containing CBD in addition to [...]
The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep
Background Clinical evidence on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for sleep remains limited. Even fewer studies have tested the comparative effectiveness of cannabinoid formulations found within CBD products used for sleep or how [...]
Cannabidiol Reduces Nicotine Withdrawal Severity
Introduction: Despite efforts to curb nicotine use, 8.1 million adults in the United States use e-cigarettes. Notably, the majority of nicotine-containing e-cigarette users report wanting to quit in the near future, yet there is [...]
Green Jungle wins the first two places at Hemp Cup 2023
Weed Fest is one of the largest hemp industry fairs in Poland, attracting thousands of visitors every year. During the event, in addition to the stands of producers and distributors, visitors were offered zones [...]
Assessment of Medical Cannabis and Health-Related Quality of Life
Question Is medical cannabis treatment associated with improvements in health-related quality of life? Findings In this case series of 3148 patients, significant improvements were reported on all 8 domains of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [...]
UoG Researchers First to Unlock Access to Pain Relief Potential of Cannabis
University of Guelph researchers are the first to uncover how the cannabis plant creates important pain-relieving molecules that are 30 times more powerful at reducing inflammation than Aspirin.The discovery unlocks the potential to create a naturally [...]
Green Jungle CBD in first place at Kanaba Cup 2023
This year's Kanaba Fest cannabis fair at the International Congress Center in Katowice was accompanied by the Kanaba Cup competition. which was aimed at selecting and promoting products with high production standards and [...]
New indoor farm
Our new facility should be ready for the first growth cycle in the first quarter of 2023. As you can see in the picture, there is still a lot of work ahead of [...]
Completion of a certain phase
The above video shows our indoor container farm. We are extremely pleased to show you at least its exterior. We are still running all sorts of slings inside the farm. Nevertheless, we will [...]
First containers
July was a very busy month for us - we selected the first suitable used 40ft HC shipping containers, the largest units available, so as to get the maximum possible volume with this [...]